There is an important distinction to be made between hereditary (familial genetic factors) that increase the risk of ASDs and non-hereditary genetic causes of the condition, which stem from "copying" mistakes that occur when the reproductive cells are being formed or duplicating in embryogenesis.
Cooper disputed "several aspects which prove absolutely that it couldn't possibly be Beethoven's hand", not least the manner in which the naturals – the musical markings that cancel out sharps or flats – were written, and several copying mistakes that he maintained would not have been made by Beethoven.
Modrich demonstrated how so-called mismatch repair helps keep copying mistakes to a bare minimum.
Copying mistakes happen frequently along the way, but we have specialised repair enzymes to fix them, like an automatic spellcheck.
In a new study examining cancer databases around the world, Johns Hopkins scientists in the Kimmel Cancer Center have discovered that random, unpredictable DNA copying "mistakes" account for nearly two-thirds of the mutations that cause cancer.
Let us suppose further that copying mistakes in a manuscript are statistically independent events.
One is that the Bank of Japan copied the mistake made by America's central bank, though not as zealously.
But all the papers copied the mistake out faithfully as fact, and used it to imply she was either a failed actress because the internet showed no credits for her, that she had false pretensions, or that the term was a gloss for something worse 17.
With QE2, Bernanke is copying the mistakes Japan made over the past two decades trying to move beyond its stagnation.
Then a bunch of other bands copied the mistake, because it was the best thing in the song.
