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Many biologists suspect that this copying bias may result from the way double-stranded DNA molecules are arranged; each strand has the same sequence of bases, but one is backwards.
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The frequency distributions in Figure 4 enable the identification of copying biases.
Only HMCan and CCAT did not show copy number bias.
HMCan and CCAT did not demonstrate such copy number bias.
HMCan (Histone Modifications in Cancer) corrects for copy number bias and for GC-content bias.
HMCan corrects for the GC-content and copy number bias and then applies Hidden Markov Models to detect the signal from the corrected data.
For example, if the Boolean function of a node with a path length of one is the logical copy function (bias 0.5), then the output of this node is the same as the input received from the extracellular stimulus.
In addition, micrograms of DNA are often required by these methods, with whole genome amplification not being viable, as current methods are known to introduce inconsistent copy number bias (Pugh et al., 2008).
Copy number biases were found, with the extent dependent on the degree of amplification.
Wikipedia's 900 volunteer administrators enforce a "neutral point of view" rule and encourage users to delete copy displaying clear bias.
Copying, whether directly biased, indirectly biased or unbiased, incurs a cost cs per trait, where cs is measured in effort units.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com