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Due to their mono-allelic expression patterns, imprinted genes are usually seen as functional haploids, i.e. only the active gene copy contributes to the phenotype, whereas the silent copy is irrelevant in functional terms.
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For each consecutive site, the gene copy contributed to the gamete was sampled from the same chromosome or from the alternative one with probability (1 – c) or c, respectively, where c = 0.5 {1 – exp[−2L/(ns + nn − 1)]} represents the recombination fraction (Haldane 1919).
Loss of TopoII alpha gene copies contributed to the mRNA decrease in these cell lines.
It is hypothesized that the donor of chloroplast DNA is the maternal parent of Th. intermedium and that the different GBSSI variants represent homoeologous copies contributed to Th. intermedium by its putative progenitors.
As full-length elements are the only elements capable of transposition, selection limiting the spread of full-length copies could reduce the transposition rate and the number of new nLTR-RT copies, contributing to the low copy number of most families.
Given that P1-wr is hypermethylated relative to the single copy P1-rr allele [19], we considered the hypothesis that reduced copy number contributes to the presence of pericarp pigmentation.
To determine whether an increase in the KIT copy number contributes to its over-expression, we undertook its quantification studies.
(ii) The Equal-Contribution-Model assumes that each allelic copy contributes equally to fitness, so that selection coefficients are reduced and mutation rates are increased proportionally to the ploidy level.
(7) Reciprocal projections from the MRF to the tectum [ 29] could underlie peri-conv assembly activity and function in feedback control of eye movements [ 30] or an efference copy mechanism that contributes to stable perception of prey during oculomotor and locomotor responses.
Copy number variation (CNV) contributes to the variation observed between individuals and can influence human disease progression, but the accurate measurement of individual copy numbers is technically challenging.
In particular, rare copy number variation (CNV) contributes to ASD risk in up to 10% of ASD subjects.
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