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To evaluate the timing of masturbation in relation to copulation (Hypotheses 2, 5, 6), I compared the percent of a successfully mated male's masturbations that occurred before, between or after copulation using a Friedman's nonparametric two way ANOVA.
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Both sexes accumulate traits in the form of a coevolutionary sexual arms race, with males persisting to achieve copulation using 'weapons' and females resisting their attempts with 'defenses' [ 68, 69].
Male D. montana gauged the intensity of competition from rival males and adjusted the duration of copulation, used as a proxy of reproductive investment, accordingly.
Again, the occurrence of copulation was registered using a stereomicroscope.
Then, the occurrence of copulation was registered using a stereomicroscope.
At his news conference Mr. Refn jokingly described his collaboration with Mr. Gosling as a mental copulation (he used a more explicit term), and the pair walked the red carpet arm in arm.
Here we test how precopulatory and postcopulatory pre-zygotic mechanisms influence the sterility of the F1QW hybrid males by using a combination of copulation duration, interrupted copulation and sperm tracking assays.
In the latter case, we prevented post-copulatory courtship by moving the male away using a paintbrush after copulation.
Mating behaviour [ 12] consisting of "wing fanning," "antennal stroking/head nodding," "receptivity signal," and "copulation" was registered for a maximum of 20 minutes using a stereomicroscope.
The genetic variation for mating speed, copulation duration, egg length, and egg width was estimated using a random effects variance component estimate.
Male copulation success was investigated using an analysis of variance design (ANOVA) with display, fight, and chase rate as covariates.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com