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A plotline featuring lust, corruption and downfall, without even a whiff of copulation: such are the passions inspired by the Birkin.
Thus the reproductive success of males and females are not only influenced by choices made before copulation, but also by processes operating after copulation such as sperm competition and gamete recognition systems.
Males also have adaptations to avoid injury from homosexual copulation, such as release of a blend of chemicals from the metathoracic gland [ 9], which in a different context has a putative alarm function [ 13].
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In M. pruinosa, the volume of sperm removed by males increases with the duration of copulation [27], such that removal is not complete for shorter copulations.
Such extended copulation not only stimulates ovulation in the female but also secures paternity for the male by excluding other males.
The discovery of such ancient copulation means that sex with internal fertilisation evolved early on in the history of vertebrates but was then lost, with fish reverting back to spawning in water, and then evolved again in a different way.
Other players in the burgeoning field of hermaphrodite sex are taken aback by such unorthodox copulation.
Historically, the argument has been made (e.g. [ 81]) that sexually differentiated behavior, such as copulation, might result primarily from sex differences in the organs necessary for those behaviors (the genitals in the case of copulation).
It has recently been suggested that conditions favoring male mating selectivity may often arise in promiscuous lekking species (Saether et al. 2001; Bro-Jørgensen 2007), or more generally where competitively successful males achieve such high copulation rates that sperm depletion limits their mating capacity (Preston et al. 2001, 2005; Stockley and Bro-Jørgensen 2011).
Ducks are particularly keen on such additional copulations.
It was assumed in one of these questions that barrenness proceeded from an insufficient quantity of seed produced during intercourse: Why do such as are corpulent cast forth little seed in the act of copulation, and are oft barren?
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com