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In some rookeries, copulation may be monopolized by a few males, while at others, a single male may sire no more than four pups.
Therefore, any subsequent mating behaviors, except the very initial copulation, may be equally affected by the OSR as well as the preceding interactions within a pair.
In addition, the duration of copulation may be considered an isolating mechanism whereby a shortened copulation prevents the successful transfer of sperm.
However, the strongly reduced sperm load of SR males to the females during copulation may be due to the loss of Y-bearing sperm occurring mainly in males.
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Any effect on fertility of low sperm number and a high proportion of failed copulations may be further exacerbated by the presence of an X-linked meiotic drive element [44].
An alternative explanation is that the frequency of extra-pair copulations may be population specific, with populations possibly varying in, for instance, mate availability, population density, or density of vegetation, which may influence the rate of extra-pair copulations (Davies 1992).
In future studies, empirical quantitative genetic data for alternative explanations, but also improved methodology such as more loci or more specifically selected loci, are likely to advance our insight into what the benefits of extra-pair copulations may be for females.
Males may attend, guard, or carry the female for some time (preamplexus) prior to copulation (amplexus), and mating may be prolonged for several hours; the male usually continues to feed, molt, and mate further (in isopods, creeping decapods, and benthic amphipods).
The scientists suspect that because these male parrots regurgitate food to feed the females during courtship, copulation, and incubation, they may be providing the calcium to their mates indirectly.
Copulation with a single male may be repeated several times, with a total mating time of up to fourteen hours, while the male may remain with the female for up to an hour after the mating.
Longer copulation durations in D. subobscura may be due to exhaustion or damage in males exposed to rivals.
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