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Three additional females also had sexual swellings and copulated during the study but were excluded from analyses due to low copulation frequency (<15 copulations).
Copulation frequency was calculated as percentage of flies in each condition that successfully copulated during the 10 min assay.
Copulation frequency was higher on the natural substrates of pine litter and red clay as compared with leaf litter.
However, evidence indicates that time spent carrying infants does not correlate with a male's overall copulation frequency.
Instead, in the mating period male-to-female grooming correlated with the copulation frequency.
Overall, the predictor variables included in the model had a significant effect on copulation frequency (likelihood-ratio test: χ2 = 27.64, df = 4, N = 30, p<0.0001).
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Ian Gilby, a behavioral ecologist at Harvard University who studies meat sharing among chimpanzees, cautions about extrapolating the findings to chimpanzees in general, noting that too few subjects were involved in this study, actual copulation frequencies were not reported, and no alternative hypotheses were tested.
The overall positive relationship between realized matings and mating attempts indicates that morph-specific copulation frequencies in the field do, to some extent, reflect the total number of previous male mating attempts (Fig 3).
Differences among the four types of males in copulation frequencies with vitripennis females were highly significant (Fisher Exact Test, p=0.002).
Copulation frequencies with vitripennis females ranged from 17% of total males for F2[ g] males to 100% for vitripennis males.
Copulation frequencies with giraulti females were similarly reduced for hybrid males compared to parental males and ranged from 16% for F2[ g] males to 97% for giraulti males p=0.000).
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