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One individual can act as a male and the other as a female, or copulation can be reciprocal.
Copulation can be a precarious issue for male tortoises, because they must balance themselves on the high-domed shell of females to fertilize them.
Apparently, the transition step between precopulatory and copulatory phases of masculine sexual behavior is under β-END control and copulation can be effectively blocked by either prevention or an endless continuation of investigative activities.
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First, the inclination of females to engage in extra-pair copulations can be observed directly [11] and does not have to be inferred from paternity patterns.
Lastly, females might actively discard sperm or reject copulations after a certain number of insemination attempts, given that copulations can be costly to survival (at least in some species, [ 9- 13]), potentially limiting the number of contributing males at higher densities.
Copulation calls can be reliably identified by human observers and are audible in forest habitats up to about 50 m.
Understanding female choice and male-female meat sharing in species in which copulation frequency can be easily measured and dyadic transfers of meat can be directly quantified is likely to give us insight into the mechanisms driving the latter relationship in humans.
We then tested whether competitive copulation deficits can be reversed with rescue of aggression after sleep deprivation.
Copulation activity can be divided into three different behavioural phases corresponding to different internal genitalic activity [ 55].
Copulation can only be initiated once the female lifts the tip of her abdomen, which may or may not occur in response to male behaviors [ 38, 51, 52].
Either hemipenis can be used in copulation and must be everted through a process of turning itself inside out.
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