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Five different coping orientations are assessed: secrecy, withdrawal, educating, challenging and distancing [ 22, 25].
The hypotheses are based on concepts of individual response stereotypy, situational response specificity, classical conditioning of chemical-induced responses, and psychophysiological reactions to active and passive coping orientations.
29 Secondary outcomes included individual patients' perceptions of coping, measured using the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (BCOPE) tool 30 and relatives' sense of psychological well-being (anxiety, depression and coping assessed using HADS and BCOPE).
A supportive educational home visit delivered to participant spouse dyads did not improve coping skills as measured by the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced scale 28-items compared to standard clinic care 45.
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Cross-lagged path models were designed to test the interrelations of (1) perceived stigmatization, (2) a defensive stigma coping orientation, (3) concrete stigmatizing experiences, and either (4) social network, or (5) perceived social support as dependent variables.
More general coping orientation will be assessed using the revised Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), a self-report instrument which asks participants to think about a recent stressor and rate the extent to which they used each of 24 behaviours to cope with it [ 26].
Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced-New Italian Version (COPE-NVI) is utilized to assess coping, the use of skills and strategies adopted to face stressful and difficult events.
Link et al. devised 5 short coping scales with a total of 20 items (the Stigma Coping Orientation Scales) to assess various approaches to coping with the stigma associated with mental illness.
The coping literature overlaps with this to a large degree, particularly with behavioural aspects of self-stigma such as disclosure or social withdrawal (See [ 20] for an overview of the coping literature and the Stigma Coping Orientation Scales [ 21, 22] for further information).
The investigators reviewed the Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (COPE) Inventory [ 16], Ways of Coping Questionnaire [ 48, 49] and the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist [ 50] and Reproductive health semi-structured interview [ 51].
One aspect of coping (LOC orientation) was associated with HRQoL in both depressed and non-depressed older adult samples, and therefore may be an important target for intervention for both groups.
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