The presence of several SIT paralogues has been described in the past, with six genes in Navicula pelliculosa, five in C. fusiformis, four in Nitzschia alba, three in T. pseudonana, and at least two copies in a large number of centric and pennate species [14], [18], [61].
The burden of private mutations for each individual, which are singletons (i.e. appearing in a single copy) in a larger sample that includes this individual, is predicted to be greatly increased by recent population growth, as well as by purifying selection.
In this study, we estimated AMY2B copy numbers in a large number of dog samples to (i) test whether amylase activity is associated with AMY2B copy number in dogs, (ii) investigate how AMY2B copy number segregates within and among dog breeds and (iii) test for a potential link between AMY2B copy number and susceptibility for developing DM.
This scoring criterion was based on our previous study where we examined the HER2 copy number in a large cohort of breast cancers and a gain of greater than 1.5 was the cutoff value that most correlated with a worse outcome [ 23].
Chloroplast genomes of photosynthetic angiosperms average about 160 kilobase pairs (kb) in size; the circular chromosome is divided by two copies of a large (in angiosperms usually about 25 kb) inverted repeat (IR) into large and small single copy regions (LSC and SSC, respectively) [ 13, 14].
In addition, various strengths of KGD2-SUCLG2 and SDH1 expression cassettes were designed by combinations of promoter strengths and copy numbers, resulting in a large increase in fumarate production (from 4.24 g L−1 to 8.24 g L−1).
To investigate the presence of TBK1 copy number variations in a large, well-characterized Australian cohort of patients with glaucoma comprising both normal-tension glaucoma and high-tension glaucoma cases.
Having found a pen, with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of foolscap so that I could read them".
In the chloroplast genome of angiosperms, synonymous rates are known to be a few-fold higher in single-copy regions than in a large inverted-repeat region [ 1, 37], and of perhaps greater relevance, a small region with higher accelerated synonymous rates has recently been discovered in the chloroplast of one lineage of legumes (KH Wolfe, personal communication).
We have exploited the power of high-resolution copy number profiling in a large number of breast cancers (from two independent series of primary tumours and a panel of breast cancer cell lines) to significantly narrow the most telomeric 8p12 amplicon down to only two genes (ZNF703 and ERLIN2) and to identify two cases where ZNF703 was the only gene within the amplicon (Fig 2).
A majority of soybean genes are present in at least two copies, and a large percentage of these genes have retained duplicates since the most recent genome doubling event.
