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On the other hand, increasing the number of copies causes overhead increase in the network.
A somewhat less trivial explanation for a high proportion of non-essential genes is that they may be present in multiple copies, and therefore deletion of only one of these copies causes very small effect.
The clones that only harbor one copy of the integrated expression cassette are resistant to 100 μg/mL zeocin, while integration of 2, 3, and 4 cassette copies causes resistance of up to 500, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL zeocin [ 26].
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Multiple unlinked copies cause complex segregation patterns, potentially requiring screening over many generations to establish the zygosity of a line.
Nuclear ribosomal DNA markers occur in high numbers of copies, causing problems for assessing orthology [ 4, 11].
This could be the result of gene conversion within the centromeric copies, causing their sequences to diverge more rapidly from copies dispersed in the genome.
Based on the annotated genes in the soybean genome, we identified 2,713 and 37,746 duplicate genes (2 6 copies) caused by TD and WGD, respectively.
As expected, four copies caused a higher steady-state level of Yan-YFP in progenitor cells, though this increase was less than two-fold.
The problem for assembly that highly similar gene copies cause can to some degree be overcome by altering the k-mer size and the coverage cutoff as shown here.
When the IR is present, homologous recombination occurs between the two copies causing frequent "flip-flop" inversion of the intervening single copy regions, such that the two isomeric genomic orientations coexist at roughly equal frequency within a single plant (Palmer 1983; Stein et al. 1986).
One may speculate that selective forces maintain only a limited number of functional tDNA copies causing the sub-linear growth of intact tRNA genes with genome size, while the duplication/deletion mechanism acts towards a uniform coverage of the genome with a rate that is to a first approximation constant throughout eukaryotic genome, accounting for the linear growth of the total number of tDNAs.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com