In this case, the authors estimated a copy number for this sequence to be around 30,000 copies assuming (wrongly) that the O. officinalis genome size was about 900 Mbp.
In IBCs homozygous deletions (no copies assuming a modal diploid genome) targeted 9 genes located on five chromosomal arms (3q, 8p, 13q, 14q, and 18q).
For instance, in TC1507, the 200 ng input of a 0.1% sample would contain approximately 18 copies, assuming a heterozygous single insertion.
When sequences occurred in multiple copies in the sequences collection, we kept all these redundant copies, assuming redundancy may reflect biological fitness (mostly identical copies from different patients, rather than multiple samples from the same patient).
Duplicated genes can indefinately persist in genomes if either both copies retain the original function due to dosage benefit (gene conservation), or one of the copies assumes a novel function (neofunctionalization), or both copies become required to perform the function previously accomplished by a single copy (subfunctionalization), or through a combination of these mechanisms.
The rate of failures was slightly lower on the BioMark arrays as the projected template concentration per 9 nL reaction was 6 copies (assuming 100% efficiency of RT and pre-amplification), whilst it was only 1 RNA copy per ABI 7900HT reaction.
Copy number estimation for four RsaI fragments in buffalo, cattle, goat and sheep genomes were done using 10 fold dilutions series of recombinant plasmids in the range 30,00,00000 to 3 copies (assuming haploid genome of farm animals =3.3 pg, wt per base pair = 1.096 × 10-21 gm).
Therefore, we proceeded as described in [ 26]: each original attribute is considered in two copies, with the first copy assumed to be gain-type and the second cost-type.
The sample collection and initial processing of samples was performed as described previously [ 16]. *Cell equivalent calculated based on the copy assumed number of one 16S rRNA gene per mycobacterial cell.
An alternative (but not mutually exclusive) explanation is that the upregulation of the male X in stratum II (fig. 3) may lead to a lack of resident male-biased genes due to the inherent difficulty to further increase transcription in the male X copy (assuming that transcription rates are limited) (Vicoso and Charlesworth 2006, 2009).
For copying, we assume that the observation of another individual feeding generates a short-term temporary copy preference (C) and increases the probability of an individual choosing that resource (see Eq. 2).
