A lack of coordination among actors involved in urban logistics, and in many cases insufficient dialogue between city authorities and the private actors who operate there.
This new model should be one that enables effective multi-level coordination of actors and actions and reduces the downside limits of state mono-centricity.
In this respect, the living lab model, with different layers and feedback loops is fundamental to assure a continuous communication and coordination among actors and a step-by-step decision-making process.
This is important because the coordination between actors from different teams is generally more difficult than between members of the same team, including in software development teams [12, 30].
With the term governance, applied to the local democratic context, here is meant "a process of coordination of actors, social groups and [local] institutions, for achieving objectives discussed and defined collectively in fragmented, uncertain environments" (Le Galès 1998: 77).
Farmers with a high degree of centrality may be very good at facilitating problem-solving activities as they are used to conducting effective coordination of actors and resources in their local networks.
Indeed scale economies (reduction of average cost of a unit of enforcement) could be found by reorganizing the frontiers of partnerships to make a better coordination among actors and to reduce the total costs of operation.
Value chain governance may be provided by: (a) market mechanisms, (b) hierarchical non-market mechanisms and (c) by non-market-based voluntary coordination between actors of a collective action type (Markelova et al. [2009]).
These four themes, in turn, included different types of challenges, among which lack of: civil society engagement and coordination of actors, political will, data and tools, and effective urban development strategy shared the highest number of comments from the professional actors in each theme, respectively.
Based on research on economic mechanisms set up to control coordination between actors in industrial design, we highlight conflict between coordination grounded in a "strictly" contractual approach, on the one hand, and "flexible" types of commitment which take advantage of an increase in information but may have high coordination costs, on the other.
