Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) phosphorylates proteins pivotally involved in diverse neuronal processes and thereby coordinates cellular responses to external stimuli that regulate intracellular Ca2+ [Hanson, P. I. & Schulman, H. (1992) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61, 559-664].
Upon exposure to various forms of stress, such as DNA damage, oncogenic activation, hypoxia, mitotic apparatus dysfunction, telomere erosion, energy stress or oxidative stress, p53 coordinates cellular responses through both transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Although initially identified as a protein kinase activated by stress, p38 MAPK signaling coordinates cellular responses during erythropoiesis [ 47].
p53 is a critical nodal point of converging pathways from diverse cellular insults which can elicit coordinated cellular response that result in adaptation to the insult (Prives and Hall, 1999; Bates and Vousden, 1996).
UPR signaling pathways coordinate cellular response by down-regulating protein translation, enhancing expression of ER chaperone proteins that promote protein refolding, and activating proteases involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins.
Hannun, Y. A. Functions of ceramide in coordinating cellular responses to stress.
Integrins are cell-surface protein heterodimers that coordinate cellular responses to mechanochemical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stimulate the assembly of small adhesion complexes, which are the initial sites of cell-ECM adhesion.
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily (subfamily 1, group I, member 3 [NR1i3]), plays an important role in coordinating cellular responses to the stimulation of both exogenous and endogenous chemicals by regulating the expression of its target genes (Qatanani and Moore, 2005; Stanley et al., 2006; Plant, 2007).
Our results suggest that this Mpk1 dependent feedback mechanism plays a critical role in coordinating cellular responses to environmental stresses.
Hence, Mpk1, the end kinase of the Rho1 mediated Pkc1-MAPK pathway, acts as a switch to control the signaling activity of Rho1 and Pkc1 and to coordinate cellular responses to environmental stresses.
