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Thus, to hydrate the surface and keep it neutral, H2O molecules were coordinated to the surface Fe atoms to fulfill octahedral coordination.
At potentials below 900 mV the H2PO−4 ion is doubly coordinated to the surface, presenting a C2v, symmetry.
Iron is also coordinated to the surface of all silicates in concentrations which depend on the density of acidic functional groups.
Indeed, biomolecules like heparin have been coordinated to the surface of ligand-free NaGdF4 Yb3+/Er3+ to allow them for use in targeting and delivery of heparin-binding growth factors and imaging of cancer cells.
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Thiol-containing compounds are also particularly effective capping agents for metal-sulfide clusters and nanoparticles at circumneutral pH by coordinating to the surface of the metal-sulfides and preventing further growth or aggregation of particles [41].
The situation becomes even more complex when mixtures of surface ligands are coordinated to the NP surface: do the ligands self-assemble into domains, reminiscent of the lipid raft hypothesis for cell membranes?
At low potentials the undissociated phosphoric acid is coordinated to the platinum surface through one oxygen atom presenting a C3v, symmetry and dissociates to HPO2−4 at positive potentials.
Furthermore, the azo compounds having two carboxyl groups are coordinated to the TiO2 surface more preferentially through the carboxyl group connecting to the benzene skeleton than through that connecting to the naphthalene skeleton.
Nicotinic and isonicotinic acid adopt a planar alignment, while picolinic acid adsorbs perpendicularly with both functional units (N-atom of the heteroaromatic ring and carboxylate group) coordinated to the metal surface.
However, it is found by Wu et al. that multicolor emissions from NaYF4 Yb3+/Er3+ or NaYF4 Yb3+/Tm3+ nanoparticles could be obtained by changing the ratio of two ligands, octadecylamine and the oleamide, coordinated to the nanoparticle surface.
Positive polarizations induce a phase transition that provides a high density monolayer of DMAP coordinated to the Au(1 1 1) surface through the lone pair of the endocyclic nitrogen.
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