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Researchers investigated cooperative repression of the Escherichia coli lac operon by systematic conversion of its three natural operators (O1, O2 and O3) on the chromosome.
It is postulated that by regulating an entire cellular program through the cooperative repression of target genes, miRNAs may serve as buffers to limit the accumulation of many gene products that impact cell cycle progression under a variety of contexts[28].
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Because of the cyclic cooperative repression, protein oscillations are two-by-two anti-synchronized: protein P i reaches its peak values when P i −1 is minimal.
To elucidate the mechanism of multimeric assembly, we have devised two rapid and broadly applicable strategies for examining cooperative interactions between proteins bound to RNA, one based on cooperative translational repression of a two-site reporter and the other on gel shift analysis with crude E. coli extracts.
This is compatible with recent work that shows that the mammalian ovarian phenotype is mediated by cooperative FOXL2 and ER repression of sox9 transcription [ 22]; interactions that are opposed by the binding of SRY/SF-1 and SOX-9 in the male pathway [ 19].
Repression of these targets produces cooperative effects on the efficiency of reprogramming and the morphology of reprogrammed iPSC colonies.
Alongside CHY1 and CHY2, also LUT5 and, to a lesser extent, NXS are repressed in lines AS-h1 to 4. The repression of LUT5 is likely to have a cooperative effect with the silencing of CHY1 and CHY2 in mediating β-carotene accumulation, since this gene, like CHY1 and CHY2, encodes a β-ring hydroxylase [ 5].
Small scale analysis reveals that repression of different targets of miR-294/302 leads to cooperative effects on reprogramming (Judson et al., 2013).
Therefore, cooperative binding of KorA and KorB to the DNA strand enhances the repression of genes from a particular operon.
The LacI repression of kinA gene expression is encoded as a negative cooperative effect, whereby the kinA_t mRNA is produced at a rate inversely proportional to LacI n, with n = 2.
Recent work has suggested that repression of splicing of the SM exon within the α-actinin pre-mRNA may be due the cooperative binding of PTB within the 3' end of the upstream intron out-competing the binding of U2AF65 to the polypyrimidine tract [35].
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