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The new study sharpens a debate over how such cooperation arose.
If we look at these figures carefully, we see that B and (L_C) had similar values, and this indicates that cooperation arose from (L_C), i.e. high comment rates by reciprocal agents, mostly mutual reciprocal friends.
Genetic studies of Argentine ants in California suggested that cooperation arose by accident, when the introduced population passed through a genetic bottleneck: a loss of half its genetic variation, including the variation in genes that help ants recognize friend and foe.
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Limitations arise from the modest response and cooperation rates, though similar rates are now common with telephone surveys.
Direct benefits of cooperation arise when cooperative individuals can expect help in the future via direct or indirect reciprocity, when punishment or sanctions are imposed on non-cooperators or when cooperative individuals gain mating advantages (reviewed by [25], [26], [27]).
Cooperation across the sector We have seen an increased emphasis on industry association cooperation, arising as an unintended consequence of the establishment of the EVCC, where much greater cooperation and even collaborative policy work now takes place.
Gains from cooperation arise, however, that stem from the impact of foreign economic activity on the domestic marginal cost of production.
Giugni and Passy (1998) claim that SMO/government cooperation arises when the government requires the complex knowledge held by the SMO to develop public policy.
In this scenario, the robustness of cooperation observed in the PGP network is due to its low IC and high IH, whereas the fact that cooperation only arises for low b in the email network arises from its high IC and low IH.
Recent studies that model group dynamics suggest that a spirit of cooperation will arise in nature under a wide variety of circumstances.
But Hamilton argued that cooperation can arise only if such helpers are closely related to recipients and if the benefits outweigh the costs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com