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It is not important that all entities contribute the same effort, gain the same amount, or even have the same gain-to-cost ratio, but the effect of cooperation should bring advantage or gain to each cooperating entity.
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In a Message Sequence Chart (MSC) the dynamical behaviour of a number of cooperating entities is depicted.
The first issue is that more control signaling overhead should be considered for selecting and coordinating multiple cooperating entities [16].
However, several issues should be considered from a media access control (MAC) layer perspective when multiple cooperating entities are involved.
Traditional hard security mechanisms with different techniques of authorization, access control and information security services give a solid foundation, but they fail when cooperating entities act deceitfully.
More importantly for our proposed scenario is the legal issue in case some of the cooperating entities would access and not share legal content.
The system proposed by Yu and Zhou [6] aims to detect such attacks on community networks (federated virtual networks that belong to cooperating entities).
In the case of two cooperating entities that are totally unknown to each other, a basic trust level needs to be established.
The umbrella paradigm underpinning novel collaborative industrial systems is to consider the set of intelligent system units as a conglomerate of distributed, autonomous, intelligent, proactive, fault-tolerant, and reusable units, which operate as a set of cooperating entities.
Note that this overhead is rather small compared to the energy requirement of the cellular air interface, and more importantly, it is nearly independent from the number of cooperating entities.
Social insects, helper birds and apoptotic cells (evolutionary suicide) exemplify such paradoxical behaviours which are typically explained by the existence of genetic relatedness between the cooperating entities - they actually do not reproduce independently from each other.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com