We used a proxy wealth index to measure economic position based on Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) questionnaire contents including source of drinking water, toilet type, properties owned, type of fuel used for cooking, source of energy for lighting, and food security [ 23].
Access to good sanitation, electricity, clean source of drinking water, and clean cooking source is high (>78%) among households.
Biomass burning may account for 74 87% total PM2.5 in households with a single dominant cooking source.
As shown in Figure 3, most, 363 (85.8%), of the respondents reported that firewood was used as their primary cooking source and 45 (10.6%) of them used charcoal as primary cooking energy source.
The NFHS calculated a standard of living index (b IIPS and ORC Macro 2000b) by assigning an index score to each household based on characteristics such as house type, toilet facility, source of lighting, main fuel for cooking, source of drinking water, separate room for cooking, house ownership, and ownership of agricultural land, irrigated land, livestock, and durable goods.
To evaluate socio-economic status (SES), we asked about household possessions including fan, refrigerator, television, bicycle, motorcycle, car, source of drinking water, type of sanitation, type of residence, home ownership, separate room for cooking, source of cooking fuel, respondent self-reported and interviewer-perceived social class [ 24].
However, this does not consider the contribution of cooking sources of PAHs.
To illustrate the importance of cooking sources, PAH emissions from traffic sources were then calculated and compared.
The above results clearly indicate that although cooking sources are less important than traffic sources in contributing to total PAH emissions, PAH emissions from cooking sources might cause much more serious problems than traffic sources, from the perspective of carcinogenic potency.
By combining both restaurant sources and home kitchen sources, this study yielded emission rates of total PAHs and total B[a]Peq from cooking sources of the studied city of 8,973 and 675 kg/year, respectively.
This study set out, first, to assess the characteristics of PAHs and their corresponding benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (B[a]Peq) emissions from cooking sources to the urban atmosphere.
