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Activation of subsets of DANs can convey punishment or reward, respectively inducing aversive or appetitive memory when activation is paired with odor presentation.
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Altogether, these results suggest that the same sets of dopamine neurons convey reward and punishment signals to the MBs to induce appetitive and aversive memories of the different sensory modalities.
The dopaminergic PPL1- γ1pedc neurons terminate in the same compartments where the dendrites of MBON-γ1pedc>α/β are found; they likely convey the electric shock punishment signal.
Together, it seems clear that DA signaling has more than one function hitherto ascribed to it, namely to convey an aversive reinforcement signal during punishment learning.
To convey the message of condemnation, to fulfill the expressive function of punishment, the punishment must be proportionate to the offense.
In this book, I have little chapters on, say, medieval medicine, or punishment, or medieval humour, simply to convey the broad continuities that underlie this bewildering range of events.
The purposes of punishment on a communicative account are both to convey the state's condemnation of the action and to lead the offender to repent her action and to reform her conduct.
As Skarrild's suspicious residents nudge one another while ogling Robert (Jakob Cedergren), the town's new marshal dispatched from Copenhagen as punishment for misdeeds that are never completely spelled out, they convey contempt and hostility.
Hand signals convey responses.
The loops convey gravity.
Gays convey sophistication, too.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com