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If the price year was not reported in the article, the year before publication was used when converting cost data.
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Experience shows that converting cost-effective energy savings potential, particularly the demand-side improvement opportunities across sectors, into investments face many barriers and unforeseen transaction costs.
When converting costs into tariffs, the tariff design should be determined.
We also controlled for temporal distortions by inflation adjusting cost estimates into 2010 dollars using published deflators and converting costs from local currencies into United States dollars (US$) using published historic exchange rates [ 23, 24].
Remme 2006 converted cost estimates to US dollars 2000. Seboka 1996 and Ravi 2004 measured the primary outcome in natural units, which does not require valuation of benefits in money terms.
In addition, in order to facilitate comparison of cost estimates collected from different studies, an international exchange rate based on purchasing power parities (PPPs) will be used to convert cost estimates into a target currency that is, international dollars and GDP deflators will be used to convert cost estimates into a fixed price year.
For better comparison, we have also converted costs to international dollars (ID) based on purchasing power parity (PPP) (2012).
The system should also take into account currency fluctuations, since most cloud providers provide costs in US dollars, whilst Kindura converted costs to local currency.
An exchange rate of 16,000 Vietnamese Dong (VND) was used to convert costs to US dollars.
To compare the economic results across the cost effectiveness studies, we converted costing data to 2012 international United States dollars (USD).
29 Economic evaluations based on multinational trials should convert costs into a common currency by using purchasing power parity adjustments.
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