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The Linz-Donawitz process, invented in Austria shortly after World War II, used oxygen supplied as a gas from a tonnage oxygen plant, blowing it at supersonic velocity into the top of the molten iron in a converter vessel.
In the paper attention is given to the reasons for crack initiation in the supporting part of the converter torsion system that ensures transfer of the tilting moments from the converter vessel to the converter pedestal.
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The basic oxygen converter is a cylindrical vessel with an open cone on top.
Another major advance was Henry Bessemer's process, patented in 1855 and first operated in 1856, in which air was blown through molten pig iron from tuyeres set into the bottom of a pear-shaped vessel called a converter.
The crucible process continued to be the chief melting method until 1893, when the Tropenas converter, a side-blown, Bessemer-type vessel, was developed in Sheffield.
The Linz-Donawitz (LD) process, developed in Austria in 1949, blew oxygen through a lance into the top of a pear-shaped vessel similar to a Bessemer converter.
Pouring means the operating mode for a batch copper converter during which molten copper is removed from the vessel.
The UCN converter of solid deuterium must be contained in a vessel.
Holding means the operating mode for a batch copper converter during which the molten bath is maintained in the vessel but no blowing is performed nor is material added into or removed from the vessel.
For many years the standard vessel for this operation has been the Peirce-Smith converter.
Skimming means the batch copper converter operating mode during which molten slag is removed from the vessel.
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