Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is regarded one of the most significant operations in the oil refining industries to convert feedstock (mainly vacuum gasoil) to valuable products (namely gasoline and diesel).
With new developments in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, interest is growing in fuel processor technology for converting feedstocks to hydrogen.
Using catalytic hydrothermal technology, Maschmeyer and colleagues [37] have recently developed (and commercialized) a catalytic hydrothermal reactor which converts feedstocks such as sawdust into bio-crude oil of such good quality it is essentially free of sulphur that it can be readily blended with stocks of either diesel, kerosene or gasoline.
Converting feedstock into useful products through chemical processing is widely used in the chemical industry as well as other process industries, such as metallurgy, petroleum refining, energy, and consumer products.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a pretreatment process to convert diverse feedstocks to homogeneous energy-dense solid fuels.
Here, we review the metabolic engineering and nascent protein engineering strategies undertaken in each of these chassis to convert different feedstocks to adipic, muconic and glucaric acid.
The complexity of oil refining increases with the current tendency to convert heavy feedstocks into lighter products and to enhance product quality.
Overall, our results show that it is technically possible to convert carbohydrate feedstocks to produce liquid alkanes by the combination of dehydration, aldol-condensation/hydrogenation, and dehydration/hydrogenation processing; however, further optimization of these processes is required to decrease the overall number of separate steps (and reactors) required in this conversion.
On the basis of selected papers published over the last three to four years, it includes the main reactions used to convert renewable feedstocks into chemical products that are potentially applicable as raw materials or synthetic intermediates in fine chemical industries with emphasis on preparative organic synthesis.
Ebullated bed reactors are suitable for deeply converting heavy feedstocks such as residues.
