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An exchange rate of 16,000 Vietnamese Dong (VND) was used to convert costs to US dollars.
29 Economic evaluations based on multinational trials should convert costs into a common currency by using purchasing power parity adjustments.
To minimise these effects, we will convert costs and benefits obtained in different years to a base year: the year with the most recently published price levels.
Further, to aid cross-country comparability, PPP exchange rates were used to convert costs expressed in local currency units to dollars.
The average South African Rand to United States Dollar (US$) exchange rate in April 2007 (R7.14 to US$1) was used to convert costs to US$ equivalents [ 19].
The exchange rate of European Central Bank on July 4th 2008 was used to convert costs in New Turkish Liras to Euros.
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Other proposed algal strains either produced triterpene hydrocarbons that are difficult to convert cost-effectively to usable fuels or grew too slowly to be useful [ 22, 23].
In addition, in order to facilitate comparison of cost estimates collected from different studies, an international exchange rate based on purchasing power parities (PPPs) will be used to convert cost estimates into a target currency that is, international dollars and GDP deflators will be used to convert cost estimates into a fixed price year.
When converting costs into tariffs, the tariff design should be determined.
For better comparison, we have also converted costs to international dollars (ID) based on purchasing power parity (PPP) (2012).
The system should also take into account currency fluctuations, since most cloud providers provide costs in US dollars, whilst Kindura converted costs to local currency.
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