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It is now clear that the NSD2-catalyzed conversion of unmethylated H3K36 to mono- or di-methylated forms, with concomitant decreases in H3K27me3, is the dominant mechanism driving NSD2-associated oncogenic reprogramming (Kuo et al., 2011; Li et al., 2009).
Conversion of unmethylated cytosines was found to be 100% efficient.
Purified genomic DNA was treated with sodium bisulphite, resulting in the conversion of unmethylated cytosine to uracil.
Bisulfite modification of DNA results in the conversion of unmethylated cytosines to uracils, whereas methylated cytosines are resistant to modification and remain as cytosines [12].
Treatment of DNA with bisulfite for conversion of unmethylated cytosine to uracil (but unaffecting methylated cytosine) was performed with a commercially available kit (EpiTect Bisulfite Kit, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany).
We determined DNA methylation patterns in the CpG islands of p16ink4a, p15ink4b and p14ARF tumor suppressor genes by chemical conversion of unmethylated, but not methylated, cytosine to uracil, followed by methyl-specific PCR (MSP) amplification using primers specific for methylated or modified unmethylated DNA [41], [42].
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Methylation of the GRAF promoter in patients with AML or MDS was examined by MS-PCR, in which methylated and unmethylated alleles are distinguished by conversion of all unmethylated, but not of the methylated, cytosine to uracil residues with bisulphite (Herman et al, 1996).
Bisulfite conversion of DNA changes unmethylated cytosine to uracil and subsequently to thymidine after polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas methylated cytosines are protected from bisulfite conversion, resulting in methylation-dependent differences in DNA sequences.
In our study, the protocol used (which included the addition of urea in the DNA modification step in order to improve the efficiency of unmethylated cytosine conversion [ 42]) and the CDH1 gene analysis based on the nested-PCR approach may have contributed to the high methylation prevalence observed.
Given the evidence that 5-hmC residues in DNA can function as an intermediate in the conversion of 5-mC to unmethylated C residues, we analyzed relative levels of genomic 5-hmC in an enzymatic assay for the transfer of glucose to 5-hmC, with nonglucosylated phage T4 DNA as a standard.
The efficiency of bisulfite conversion was 93.5% (amount of converted cytosine/amount of unmethylated cytosine × 100%).
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