The conversion of logs to lumber involves breaking them down into boards of various thicknesses, resawing, ripping (edging), and crosscutting.
Conversion of logs to sawed lumber involves debarking, sawing into boards or slabs, resawing into thinner boards of varying sizes, edging, crosscutting to square the ends and remove defects, grading according to strength and appearance, and drying in the open air or in kilns.
Avoiding further conversion of logged-over areas is associated with higher opportunity costs when compared with preventing the conversion of primary forests.
I compared the effects of logging and conversion of forest to agriculture or pasture on ant, bird, and lepidoptera species richness by combining data from 34 studies from tropical forests in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
An important aspect of the conversion of redwood logs to sawn timber is the recovery of the heartwood prized for its stability, colour and durability.
The values of pH required for conversion of Eh to log were also retrieved from the literature [ 36- 38].
A host of anthropogenic activities, such as tree logging, conversion of forest land to agriculture, intense agricultural practices, forest fire and unplanned infrastructural development have contributed to the disruption of the contiguity of forests in predominantly natural landscapes (Buskirk et al. 2000; Boogaert et al. 2004).
As well as the 3D seismic data set, the principal data sources used were a dipole sonic log for compressional wave velocity (Vp) and shear wave velocity (Vs); checkshots for time-to depth (T D) conversion; a density log; log interpretations of porosity; fluid properties based on pressure volume temperature (PVT) analysis of fluids from drill stem tests (DSTs) and pressure/temperature data.
In Southeast Asia, the conversion of forest (both primary and logged) to oil palm agriculture has been rampant, with several million hectares of oil palm plantation replacing forest over the last two decades (Koh & Wilcove, 2008; Gibbs et al., 2010; Reynolds et al., 2011).
Measuring additional functional traits could help in predicting the longer-term impacts of logging and forest conversion.
