In directly comparing the impact of the abovementioned factors, the converse finding is evident visual field effects, in particular bilateral presentations have a much stronger importance.
The converse finding, that social learning is not involved in generating option biases in unsuccessful manipulations of the tasks, is consistent with the idea that animals may distinguish between functionally relevant and irrelevant information, or rewarded and unrewarded information, and preferentially learn about the former [e.g. chimpanzees], [33, 34].
One study has reported the converse finding (Wittenberg et al. 2007), and the reason for this discrepancy is unclear.
Two of the thirteen studies reported the converse finding: program participants were significantly less likely than non-participants to remain in any underserved area [ 81, 82].
Recently, a converse finding that the presence of the APOE ε4 allele was associated with ARHI overall frequency was demonstrated in the Leiden 85-plus study, a population-based study involving 85-year-olds [ 56].
Our finding of an ethnic density effect in some of the groups should not obscure the converse finding that area-level deprivation was associated with common mental disorders for most of the groups, and areas densely populated by ethnic minority groups were also the poorest.
The converse finding is more revealing: little evidence base may still lead to improvements in processes of care on the condition that programme management reflects upon how achievable and challenging targets should be formulated and which instruments and indicators should be used to demonstrate whether targets are realised.
However, suppression of plasma NEFAs in the Type 2 diabetic subjects during the 5.5-h protocol did modestly affect the rate of ATP turnover, and the converse finding of elevation of plasma NEFAs and suppression of ATP turnover has been reported previously [ 34].
The converse finding, that an increased Tp results from a reduction in the frequency of short branches due to knockdown of SBEII genes in rice and barley [ 9, 10] or the amylose extender (knockout of SBEIIb) mutant of maize [ 7], confirms the influence of starch branching frequency on thermal properties.
