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A detailed study on the convergence character is given with the comparison to the classical finite element analysis (FEA) with linear elements.
Because the objective function for the optimization is clearly a quadratic of line-current flow, the convergence character of this algorithm is close to linear and a small iteration is needed in the optimization process.
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Fig. 4 Analysing convergence characters in different inter-contact rates and round intervals.
The behavior of the discretization errors, their dependence on the mass lumping scheme used, proof of convergence, the character of convergence, and the requirements of shape functions for convergence are all discussed.
Convergence remains largely understudied in many marine invertebrates, where continued habitat shifts and diversification have led to a number of diverse lineages that possess multiple potentially convergent characters.
We note that MP gives superior performance when evolutionary rate is variable for the set of characters and approximates maximum likelihood (ML) when using large numbers of multistate characters (convergence is less likely with large number of character states) [ 54].
Besides the advantages of a divergence-free formulation and a quasi-spectral convergence, the local character of the B-splines allows for a great flexibility in node positioning while keeping narrow bandwidth matrices.
However, other mechanisms are also possible, including character convergence, introgression, and lateral transfer mediated by microbial symbionts or pathogens.
Character convergence within this species apparently resulted from adaptation to similar niches.
The revealed interaction reflects character convergence in sympatry in the case of PC1 and character divergence in sympatry in the case of PC3.
First, character convergence of incipient species can increase the rate of interspecific hybridization, which could result in genetic fusion of both species [ 29].
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