They have the authority to adjudicate specific controversies between adverse litigants over which and over whom they have jurisdiction.
"As the report rightly acknowledges, politicising antisemitism – or using it as a weapon in controversies between and within political parties – does the struggle against it a disservice".
In his teachings he aimed to restore Christianity to its original simplicity while avoiding the prolix doctrinal controversies between Protestants and Roman Catholics.
Later, during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the doctrinal controversies between Protestants and Roman Catholics raised fundamental epistemological issues about the bases and criteria of religious knowledge.
The philosophy of the neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi (1130 1200), which subsequently influenced greater East Asian culture, gave rise to controversies between dualistic interpretations of his system.
He describes encounters between harmony and fifteenth-century cosmological controversies, between musical initiatives and irrational numbers, between vibrating bodies and the emergent electromagnetism.
Controversies between a State and a foreign State may involve international questions in relation to which the United States has a sovereign prerogative.
It has been so held in California, where the question appears to have arisen only in controversies between life tenant and remainderman.
But it is well settled that despite Article 3, Congress can give the district courts jurisdiction to try controversies between a state and the United States.
Madison said: 'Its jurisdiction the federal jurisdiction in controversies between a state and citizens of another state is much objected to, and perhaps without reason.
The effect of these rulings, then, was but to cause a suit by the United States against a state to be within the meaning of controversies between states.
