The transfer function, unlike the oscillation model, which operates on the average stimulus triggered cEP, controls for the fact that some stimuli arrive before the effects of the previous stimuli have gone to zero.
Therefore, PEM controls for the fact that some genes are highly expressed across many tissues (housekeeping genes), and has the virtue of reporting a negative value for under-expressed genes, and a positive value for over-expressed genes.
The general age pattern holds even when controlling for the fact that minorities tend to make a larger percentage of younger voters.
Second, our ranking does not control for the fact that a student at one school will have visited few others, making direct comparison difficult.
Further undermining the validity of the empirical analysis, the article acknowledges but fails to control for the fact that 47% of the activist targets in the dataset cease to survive as independent companies throughout the measurement period.
And I have to say that McClellan arguably did handle his assignment with class, once you control for the fact that the assignment was, basically, to stand up and dissemble on a daily basis.
(The map does not display many smaller breweries that grew at even faster rates: our five-thousand-barrel cutoff helps control for the fact that the rapid growth of a newborn brewery, like that of a human infant, often has more to do with its natural lifecycle than anything else).
To control for the fact that the total number of malaria cases changes from year to year, the authors looked at cumulative distributions of malaria cases by altitude, meaning that they examined the proportion of that year's cases found in each altitude range rather than the absolute number of cases (Figure 2).
The Child Trends researchers found that higher-income children between 6 and 9 were actually more likely than poor children to be left unsupervised for several hours, even after controlling for the fact that the better-off parents were more likely to have jobs.
In a recent working paper, Chen (2008) argues that a methodology central to the cognitive dissonance literature (the free-choice paradigm) has suffered from an inability to separately measure how much choices affect people's preferences, and how much they simply reflect those preferences, by failing to fully control for the fact that subjects tend to choose goods they prefer.
