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In contrast, in this study, we used an independent group design that allowed us to compare tinnitus patients with healthy controls combining a cross-sectional and a longitudinal approach.
f, frequency; n, number of alleles; N, number of individuals; 2N, number of chromosomes; AD, Alzheimer's disease; EOAD, early-onset AD (≤70yrs); LOAD, late-onset AD (>70yrs); Controls, the total controls combining two subgroups through two different diagnostic evaluations.
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During the Soviet period, rapid industrialization, intensive farming, and a lack of effective pollution controls combined to seriously degrade the environment in Ukraine.
In Switzerland, there is a very strong decentralisation of active labour market programmes under controls, combined with a certain Germanic discipline16.
All data are from the two FRDA cell lines combined versus the two normal controls combined.
PCE and asset scores were divided into quartiles for each country, based on the distribution of the data for the cases and controls combined.
The novel 5p13.1 locus was also replicated in the French/Canadian sample and in an independent UK CD patient panel (453 cases, 521 controls, combined p<10−6 for SNP rs1992660).
We estimated haplotype frequencies in cases and controls combined using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.
Minor allele frequency was estimated from genotype data from cases and controls combined.
For all other variables we used quartiles, based on the distribution of all controls combined.
Among controls only and cases and controls combined, only alcohol intake was found to be inversely associated with methylation levels.
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