Major drivers include two circadian drivers, two extra-hypothalamic networks controlling top-down (psychogenic) and bottom-up (systemic) threats, and two intra-hypothalamic networks coordinating behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine outflows.
Researchers point out that dominating and controlling top-down procedures without the participation of subordinates will not be accepted in an organized PA [ 55].
But Britain seems to prefer the traditional World Bank model – donor-controlled, top-down, relying on private sources of funding, with income-generating potential alone.
To many analysts and officers, the debate reflects a broader clash of cultures: between the anarchic, unfiltered, bottom-up nature of the Web and the hierarchical, tightly controlled, top-down tradition of the military.
Implementation is caught between donor and national government controlled top-down governance mechanisms as opposed to people- and community-centered risk governance.
Our results demonstrate several distinct processes related to top-down and bottom-up selection and suggest that multiple mechanisms control top-down attention on a trial-by-trial basis.
Endogenous orienting, on the other hand, is understood as a voluntary, intentional focus of attention to a specific location, usually guided by a symbolic cue (also referred to a goal directed, controlled, top-down) [10], [11].
Still, the eye movements are likely to be also controlled top-down, by interests and experiences of the participants.
In this paper, our framework to model IT Ecosystems is a combination of centralized control (top-down) and self-organizing (bottom-up) approach.
In terms of management, the advent of the entrepreneurial society means above all replacing the rigidities of industrial-age mind-sets, with their command-and-control, top-down orientation.
Blind Obedience: These organizations are characterized by command and control, top-down leadership and coercion.
