The study authors point out that because of the ecological nature of the study, it did not control for behavior that would reduce individuals' exposure to LAN, such as sleeping.
Researchers were also not able to control for behaviors that increase cancer risk, like smoking.
Parent report of homework completion rate was not related to changes in child disruptive behavior after controlling for child behavior at baseline.
The association between self-report of depressive symptoms in childhood and becoming a father was significant before controlling for antisocial behavior in adolescence and close to significant after antisocial behavior was included.
In one study, associations between smoking during pregnancy and childhood conduct problems were greatly reduced or eliminated after controlling for antisocial behavior in both parents, depression in mothers, family disadvantage, and genetic influences (Maughan et al. 2004).
Two systematic reviews of 18 longitudinal studies showed that HSV-2 seropositivity has a relative risk of 2 or higher for HIV acquisition, after controlling for sexual behavior [23], [24].
The direct effect, after controlling for previous behavior, was.06 and not significant.
Additionally controlling for shopping behavior had little impact on the difference between the high- and low-cost supermarket groups (–0.77 to –0.72).
Like the original study, antisocial behavior in 1990 was significantly higher for those spanked more in 1988, P <.05, and for boys, P <.05, controlling for antisocial behavior in 1988, P <.001.
Further controlling for unhealthy behaviors changed the HR to 1.55 (contribution 26%).
