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Notably, prior studies have not consistently controlled for potential confounding by psychological or anatomical factors.
Therefore, and since the focus of these analyses was on the differences between bullying and aggression, we controlled for potential gender differences without formulating specific hypotheses regarding gender.
Results were controlled for potential artifacts and absolute counts of different MV subtypes were compared between groups by using the Mann-Whitney-U test.
Therefore, we explored the relationship between these variables and the magnitude of the treatment effect (Hedges' g) using a restricted maximum likelihood multiple meta-regression (random effects) model that controlled for potential confounders.
This analysis controlled for potential confounding influences of practice or fatigue effects.
This controlled for potential effects of repeated sucrose stimulation that could lead to increased sensitization or habituation.
Survival till maturity and offspring sex ratio were analysed by generalized mixed models with binomial error structure and a logit-link, controlled for potential overdispersion by modelling residuals as R-side random effects.
Finally, we controlled for potential effects of anthropogenic disturbances on FCM concentrations.
Only 10 of the 18 studies adequately controlled for potential confounders.
We assessed important risk factors for perinatal deaths and identified and controlled for potential confounding variables.
The models presented in Table 2 report the adjusted odds ratios which controlled for potential confounders.
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