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The researchers controlled for possible confounding variables influencing their data, such as the fact that people who live at higher latitudes are physically bigger and the possibility that the size of a person's eye socket in colder climates might be bigger to allow for a thicker layer of insulating fat.
Five of these studies (with a combined total of 1,482,020 donations and 2903 donors) included either a statistical analysis or an appropriate study design that controlled for possible confounding factors.
Breastfeeding has been associated with lower blood pressure in later life, but previous studies have not controlled for possible confounding factors by using a randomised design with prospective follow-up.
Fowler controlled for possible relatedness by removing any pairs of friends who may have even been slightly related.
These relationships were controlled for possible confounding factors due to common ancestry and for parental visual system and nesting habits.
We controlled for possible substructure at three levels: reported breed, groups identified by a Bayesian clustering algorithm, STRUCTURE 2.2.3 [33], and through continuous correction using a principal components analysis (PCA, see below) [17].
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Focusing on this subgroup allows us to control for possible incentive effects of UI receipt.
Two additional market variables control for possible "spillover" effects of local market structure.
We then control for possible selection bias induced by firm entry and exit.
This was done to control for possible biases associated with analyst expectations.
These results are robust to controlling for possible non-random selection effects.
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