China has also maintained tight political control over clerical appointments.
In the empire, as elsewhere, the trend in ecclesiastical politics was toward state churches (Landeskirchen), in which governments, using "reform" as a pretext, gradually gained, while church authorities lost, a large measure of control over clerical properties, personnel, and functions.
As Catholicism was the state religion, the Emperor exercised, with the papacy's acquiescence, a great deal of control over church affairs paying clerical salaries, appointing parish priests, nominating bishops, ratifying papal bulls, and overseeing seminaries.
Educated men who had held positions of responsibility under the French and Italian governments resented bitterly the restoration of clerical control over all aspects of public life.
A conservative reaction to the 1848 revolutions, it provided complete freedom from civil interference for the church, clerical control over education policy, and exceptional consideration for Catholic interests in all matters pertaining to religion.
Western freedom means the end of women's mastery by men, and the end of dictatorial clerical control over all aspects of sexuality in dress, behavior, education, the arts.
As Catholicism was the state religion, the government exercised a great deal of control over Church affairs, paying clerical salaries, appointing parish priests, nominating bishops, ratifying papal bulls and overseeing seminaries.
As Catholicism was the official religion, the Emperor exercised a great deal of control over Church affairs and paid clerical salaries, appointed parish priests, nominated bishops, ratified papal bulls and supervised seminaries.
Puritanism first emerged as a distinct movement in a controversy over clerical vestments and liturgical practices during the reign of Elizabeth.
A smattering of voices suggest that Pope Benedict XVI can, and should, as outrage has built in recent weeks over clerical abuses in the Catholic Church.
But last year, after a decade of mounting anger over clerical malpractice, the nation was stunned by two exposés of cruelty by men and women of God.
