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The new approach has two potential benefits, namely reduced oscillatory response and reduced control magnitude.
Moreover, a new state-dependent control magnitude is designed which suppresses chattering of the system.
This yields (bounded) control laws, where the control magnitude can be chosen arbitrarily large.
The PI exhibits a slightly worse performance in terms of the control magnitude but it was not optimized taking this magnitude into account.
If a bound on the control magnitude is added to the constraints (the "mixed" problem), a solution is obtained for which control is at the maximum amplitude except possibly for intervals during which it is zero.
For the case of the strain field actuation, optimal control problem is posed in three different settings: control input whose integral over a cycle of vortex rotation is bounded, bounded control input and mixed problem where both integral over a cycle and control magnitude are bounded.
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A set of parameters which produces periodic motions with low energy control magnitudes and its closed-loop system trajectories are shown through a numerical study case of a 3-DOF biped robot.
It automatically decreases the gains and respectively also the dangerous oscillations due to a too large discontinuous-control magnitude.
Since F# controls magnitude range of stars in the FOV, it plays an important role in star sensor.
In addition, none of these studies utilized bioreactors which apply controlled magnitudes of substrate strain and flow-induced shear stress differentially and simultaneously.
Figure 3 indicates that monkey T was able to control the magnitude of brain-controlled stimulation sufficiently well to grade wrist force according to several different target levels.
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