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Household meat, fish and poultry consumption, and maternal education were significantly greater among control households than cases.
This experiment randomly assigned households in a district of Singapore in-home displays and compared their consumption to a set of similar "control" households.
In the abstract, the authors modestly report that "find no statistically significant difference in...shoe purchases between treatment and control households".
The key identifying assumption is that trends, in the absence of the program, would be identical for treatment and control households.
Having control households from the same communities as treatment helps to reduce the risks of such bias by providing a similar distribution of unobserved community characteristics.
Propensity score matching involves matching treated households with control households that are similar in terms of observable characteristics (Imbens and Angrist; 1995; Imbens, 2004; Caliendo and Sabine 2005).
Households that receive a dairy cow have nearly triple the dairy consumption of control households.
Households that receive a goat have nearly double the meat intake of control households.
The fact that a large proportion of control households remained blinded throughout the trial suggests that respondents' bias may have at least been partly reduced.
Moreover, the placebo was not microbiologically neutral, as it removed about 90% of faecal bacteria from the source water used by control households.
This decreasing trend was not significant in the control households.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com