Regression models revealed that abstinence self-efficacy was a significant predictor of all three substance use measures suggesting that, even when controlling for psychiatric symptoms and substance use motives, abstinence self-efficacy accounts for unique variance in alcohol use, drug use, and related problems.
52, 53 Furthermore, cognitive deficits have the greatest effect on daily functioning in nursing home residents even after controlling for psychiatric symptoms of depression, delusions, and behavioral disturbances.
However, the findings are not in line with the recent statement by Brent at al from 2006 [ 22] saying: "However, the single biggest risk factor for completed suicide is a previous suicide attempt, even after controlling for psychiatric disorder".
16 A study based on wave 1 data from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) initially found that longer duration of abstinence decreased risk for SRO, but this effect disappeared upon controlling for psychiatric comorbidity.
This may seem contradictive but previous epidemiological studies including monozygotic and dizygotic twins showed an elevated risk of attempting suicide even after controlling for psychiatric disorders, indicating that genetic factors independent of psychiatric disorders affect the risk of suicide attempt [ 4, 5].
In a study of 298 children with ASD, including 20 children exposed to antidepressant medication before birth, and 1,507 controls, including 50 children exposed to antidepressant medication before birth, Croen et al 28 found a 2- to 2.6-fold increased risk in offspring of women taking antidepressant medication during the year before delivery, after controlling for psychiatric history in the mother.
There are scores of studies that have investigated mean differences in gene expression profiles between groups including cases versus controls for psychiatric disorders (Konradi, 2005), as well as many reports of changes in gene expression profiling, for example, in response to drugs (Yuferov, Nielsen, Butelman & Kreek, 2005).
Repeaters of violent offences had a twofold higher suicide risk even after controlling for psychiatric inpatient care in a recent longitudinal population based study [ 2], whereas, in a cross-sectional study of suicidal inpatients, more than 90% reported that they had exposed their partner for violence in the past year [ 3].
The results of the fourth model, which were the same as the results of the second model, demonstrated that use of antipsychotics and/or mood stabilizers was a significant factor to predict MetS after controlling for psychiatric diagnoses and other factors.
