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However, enthusiasm for these results must be tempered since rigorous attempts to rule out or control for possible confounds (such as learning associated with repeated testing, lack of cooperation and motivation, symptom reduction, and inclusion of outliers) that may have influenced the results were not conducted in the majority of these studies.
To statistically control for possible confounds related to scan batches in our analysis of gene expression variance, batch number was entered into an analysis of covariance.
Age, age in years squared and IQ (full-scale, verbal and performance IQ) were used as covariates to control for possible confounds.
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Most of the studies reviewed did not use a randomised group design to control for possible confounding factors such as placebo and practice effects.
This was despite nearly identical power outputs in all four tests and efforts to control for possible confounding variables, such as the time of day.The athletes may be rewarding themselves for their collaboration.
This caveat might be exacerbated by the unavailability of additional years of (CHIP) data to better control for possible confounding factors.
Indeed, it has long been held that causation can only be reliably inferred when we can intervene in a system so as to control for possible confounding factors.
To control for possible confounding due to population stratification, we used genomic control (GC) as well as structured association analysis.
Extensive data collection of information on lifestyle and medical history allowed us to control for possible confounding on a broad array of characteristics and lifestyle factors.
To control for possible confounding due to population stratification, a panel of 221 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) was genotyped using the same Illumina SNP platform for an ongoing association study project in these LFRR samples.
Logistic regression models were fitted and co-variables were added to the models to control for possible confounding, including age group (<15; 150 59 30–39; 40–49; 50–59; > = 60 years); gender; year of death; and state of residence.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com