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Heart and spleen indices data from all vaccinated groups (including the mock-immunized/infected group as positive control for infection) were compared among themselves and between the non-infected group (healthy control).
They served as an initial control for infection through swiftly initiating proliferation and rapidly secreting proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN- γ and TNF- α.
In immunized/infected groups (including the mock-immunized/infected group as control for infection) with similar inflammatory lesion scores, no significant differences among themselves were found.
The histological data from all vaccinated groups were compared among themselves and between the mock-immunized/infected group (control for infection).
As a control for infection experiments, a recombinant adenovirus carrying the bacterial LacZ gene (rAd. βgal) was used (Wilkinson and Akrigg, 1992).
Third instar larvae were infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the mRNA levels of drosomycin, a peptide induced in bacterial infections, were measured by using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as a control for infection (Fig. 1A).
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To better control for infections such as influenza, we also included a term for high C-reactive protein (CRP) (>10 mg/L).
Surveillance for health care related infection is a pivotal and proven practice in infection control for minimising infection rates.
Cells were routinely controlled for infection with mycoplasm by MycoAlert (www.cambrex.com) and were treated with antibiotics according to a previously published protocol [39] in case of infection.
Although we controlled for age and sex in the analyses as described above, we also stratified subjects by age and sex, controlling for infection, and reanalyzed the data.
Four studies in the high-exposure category were designed as cohort studies, or nested case control studies, in a way that allowed controlling for infection status.
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