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Risk of bias within studies was high for all included studies mainly due to flaws of study design, assignment of patients to treatment groups, and missing control for confounding (Table 4).
Risk of bias within studies was high for 21 of 26 included studies mainly due to flaws of study design, assignment of patients to treatment groups, and missing control for confounding (Table 6).
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All models showed odds ratios of approximately 7, indicating a seven-times higher odds of willingness to undergo surgery again in responders versus non-responders, while controlling for confounding (Table V).
Table 2 shows the RRs of schizophrenia by sex, estimated using proportional hazards methods to control for confounding variables; and table 3 shows the same for other psychiatric conditions.
The logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the main independent variable (BMI) and HSV1 infection before and after controlling for confounding variables (Table 3).
Both hemoglobin and serum creatinine were independently associated with poor outcomes after controlling for confounding factors (Table 6).
In multivariate logistic analysis, each 1-SD increase in BMI was significantly associated with low serum amylase, even after controlling for confounding factors (Table 3).
However after controlling for confounding factors (Table 3), lower risk drinking was only protective against low LS in the most deprived tertile, with no other significant relationships seen between LS and drinking behaviours.
The youngest group of teenagers (13-year-olds to 15-year-olds) had an elevated risk of pre-eclampsia and a small excess risk was also noted among 18-year-olds to 19-year-olds after controlling for confounding factors (table 3).
General health status was assessed by the Charlson Comorbidity Index, which is the sum of the weighted scores of 17 comorbid conditions and widely used to control for confounding in epidemiological studies (see online supplementary table 2).
Although most of the studies did use adjusted data in an attempt to control for confounding influences, not all controlled for the same potential confounding variables (see supplementary table).
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