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To control for confounding effects of the stand structure on diversity and composition effects, we included stand age and the density of woody plants in the study plots as further predictors.
Being able to control for confounding effects within an individual's medical history can enhance empirical analysis in healthcare.
Because panel-econometric approaches can better control for confounding effects, they may be able to corroborate our findings and even deduce the influence of changing one's package strategy.
The association of hemoglobin and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score was assessed at baseline (n = 2471) and Week 22 (n = 2458) by Spearman correlation, and multivariate linear regression models were employed to control for confounding effects from demographic and other clinical variables.
As the ideal methodological situation of random selection of projects to undergo a license change is not possible due to the impossibility of doing that with other people's project (this is not an experiment), alternatively, to control for confounding effects, projects that had their listing categories or audiences changed during the period covered by this study were selected out too.
A further limitation of our use of aggregate census data for denominator or comparison group data in this study was that we were unable to perform multivariable analyses to evaluate and control for confounding effects of variables such as parental age and other perinatal risk factors [41].
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We selected controls closets in age to the cases not to control for confounding effect of age but to provide interviewers with easy guidelines to select controls.
A significant association of abruptio placentae (odds ratio (OR) 61.0, 95% confidence interval (CI 3.4 1084), delivery at <31 weeks of gestation (OR 19.0, CI 2.8 128.8), and low Apgar score (<7) at 5 min (OR 70.8, CI 16.5 304.9) with increased risk of poor outcome was found in the logistic regression model that controlled for confounding effects.
We controlled for confounding effects of passive or evocative gene-environment correlations by adjusting models for parental histories of psychopathology, and by demonstrating that genotypes did not influence the exposure to abuse.
Our findings show that the application of a landscape classification approach vastly improves our ability to evaluate the efficacy of marine reserves by controlling for confounding effects of seascape heterogeneity and suggests that landscape heterogeneity should be considered in future reserve design.
After controlling for confounding effects in multivariable logistic regression analysis, hyperlactatemia was an independent risk factor for death.
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