The results of the quantitative component of the study revealed children who stutter and their siblings demonstrated significantly greater closeness, and concurrently, increased conflict and status disparity than did the control fluent sibling dyads.
Thus, at the age at which the children first attended clinic, there were more BIL than LE children, whereas the reverse was the case in a control fluent sample.
A second control group of fluent children who used a language other than English in their pre-school years was recruited (fluent bilingual, termed FB).
Unlike Cavallari, who displayed a queen bee's fluent control, Chloe is quick to blow up at her friends in profanity-laden tirades.
"Dr. Al-Mutawa was in control and perfectly fluent in each of these settings," Mr. Solotaroff said in an interview this week.
Also like Baroque dance is the marvelously fluent control of the supporting knee, the subtle use of the various components of the foot, the expressive angling of the head, and the decorum of the arms.
The term acquisition is preferred to "learning," because "learning" tends to be used by psychologists in a narrowly technical sense, and many psycholinguists believe that no psychological theory of learning, as currently formulated, is capable of accounting for the process whereby children, in a relatively short time, come to achieve a fluent control of their native language.
The study was designed to see whether young children and adolescents who persist in their stutter (N = 18) show differences in trait and/or state anxiety compared with people who recover from their stutter (N = 17) and fluent control speakers (N = 19).
A possible reason for this difference in findings is that the ums in Fox Tree's study were preceded and followed by lengthy silent pauses, which were left in the "fluent" control stimuli.
A group of age- and IQ-matched fluent control children were included as well.
Fewer LE (15/38, 39.5%) than BIL (23/38, 60.5%) children stuttered at first referral to clinic, but more children in the fluent control sample were LE (28/38, 73.7%) than BIL (10/38, 26.3%).
