Elucidating the mechanisms that control differentiation will facilitate the efficient, directed differentiation of ES cells to specific cell types.
Change in terminal connections to regulators that control differentiation gene batteries results in detailed alterations in fine aspects of morphology.
These findings suggest additional options to control differentiation where exogenous additions of growth factors or morphogens can be replaced with transfected MSCs.
Protein delivery is often used in tissue engineering applications to control differentiation processes, but is limited by protein instability and cost.
Fibronectin, collagen I, and heparin were explored as affinity matrices for sequestering and presenting soluble signaling molecules to control differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to myofibroblasts.
Since Yamanaka's breakthrough, dozens of groups have reported other ways of reprogramming cells as well as techniques to control differentiation of stem cells into neurons, cardiovascular cells, and other tissues of interest for regenerative medicine.
Cellular compatibility of the microspheres (1.2 and 14.1 μm) with hMSCs was shown and release of TGF-β3 from the most promising 14.1 μm microspheres to control differentiation of hMSCs was evaluated.
As MSCs have gained significant clinical attention for their potential applications in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to unravel the mechanisms by which molecular regulators control differentiation of MSCs for designing cell-based therapeutics.
However, the latter step remains mostly elusive, and, in order to better control differentiation and design more efficient differentiation strategies, the cellular mechanisms behind different pluripotency stages that mimic embryonic development are being actively addressed.
Recently, new methods have been developed to dissect the immune response in experimental animals and humans, which have led to increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control differentiation and maintenance of memory T and B cells.
Thus, TGF-β signaling would control differentiation by acting both on cell markers expression and cytoskeleton organization.
