In contrast to VDRs, PXRs have broad ligand specificity and, at least in mammals and chicken, serve as a 'chemical defense' protein that senses toxic concentrations of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds and transcriptionally controls detoxification pathways in liver, intestine, and other organs [ 15, 16].
The main biological function of MT is the homeostatic control and detoxification of heavy metals (zinc, copper, cadmium).
It has been shown that TF binding sites evolve rapidly in order to adapt to metabolic control and detoxification in the liver [ 56].
Recently, the comparative genomic analysis and metabolomic profiles of these two strains were obtained, which turned helpful for determining basic aspects of its regulatory pathways and functional networks, biofilm formation, energy control, and detoxification responses [ 27, 28].
Genetic variability of the candidate loci was studied: renin-angiotensin ACE system gene, chemokine receptor CCR5 gene and four genes controlling xenobiotic detoxification (CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1).
They are important second messengers, as well as toxic species, and their cellular levels are closely controlled by detoxification systems [ 52– 52].
The coordinate control of ammonia detoxification and the source of ammonia during prolonged fasting therefore deserve attention.
where it serves many important environmental functions, such as erosion control, surface water detoxification and the control of allergens and diseases.
Upon sensing water shortage, plants in general show three major adaptive responses (23): (i) reestablishment of ion and osmotic homeostasis, (ii) growth control and (iii) detoxification signaling.
Since for Chlamydomonas sp. W80 a chloroplast APx, which shows a chloroplast-typical loop, was reported to be stable in the presence of excess H2O2 in an ascorbate-depleted medium [ 71- 73], a larger loop, such as EVaLoII, might be necessary for increasing the H2O2 sensitivity and enable flood gate control between H2O2 detoxification and H2O2 signaling inside chloroplasts [ 23, 43, 72].
