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ZA and ZE are the lists of control channels for intra-cluster coordination in clusters ΦA and ΦE, respectively.
Several techniques have been proposed in the literature pertaining to the design of control channels for CRAHNs.
The intra-cluster channels are the channels available for use as control channels for local coordination within a cluster.
"Furthermore, Facebook, email and cloud storage credentials and messages were leaked, access to IP cameras was gained and control channels for apps and remote servers could be subverted".
Control channels for the DL subframe are physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid automatic repeat request indicator channel (PHICH) and physical DL control channel (PDCCH) [17].
The entire process of establishing control channels for a CRAHN can be broken down into three phases: (1) neighbor discovery, (2) cluster formation, and (3) gateway node selection.
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With the development of cloud computing technologies, botmaster can utilize ubiquitous cloud technologies to construct robust and scalable C&C (command and control) channel for mobile botnet.
Like other protocols, one particular channel is reserved as the default control channel for negotiation purposes.
Finally, the number of bits used for TBF gives flexibility related to design of the control channel for signaling purposes.
In (2) the term means the number of the required signaling bits transmitted within the control channel for each burst.
There exists several other synchronous cognitive MAC protocols, which rely on a control channel for spectrum negotiation and access [8 13].
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