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For quality assurance and quality control, a sample blank, which consists of reagent water and all reagents that are normally in contact with a sample during the entire analytical procedure, was used to minimize the errors that come from any of the prepared chemical reagents.
Indeed, given the low MAF and loss of power with genomic control, a sample size increase of approximately 30% (assuming an identical odds ratio to that observed) would be required to obtain a P-value less than the Bonferroni corrected α level for the kdr L1014F in the Ghanaian sample alone, where permethrin resistance was most pronounced.
A positive control (a sample known to be positive for the template) and a negative control (a sample devoid of template) were included in each reaction.
As a negative control, a sample without liposomes was subjected to the same procedure.
As a control, a sample was prepared from total DNA (without undergoing immunoprecipitation).
As control, a sample of transformants with an altered morphology was purified through single conidial isolation.
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In a third control a sampling bias was excluded.
Cell proliferation or cell growth was determined as a percentage of the vehicle control by an equation of; % Cell Proliferation = control A ‒ sample A / control A × 100.
The absorbance was measured at 517 nm and activity was expressed as percentage DPPH scavenging relative to control using the following equation: (1) DPPH radical-scavenging activity = [ (A control − A sample ) A control ] × 100.
The activity was expressed as percentage ABTS∙+ scavenging relative to control using the following equation: (2) ABTS ∙ + scavenging activity = [ (A control − A sample ) A control ] × 100.
The radical scavenging activity was measured as a decrease in the absorbance of DPPH and calculated as follows: (1) Scavenging effect = [ A control − A sample A control ] × 100, where Acontrol is the absorbance of the control and Asample is the absorbance of the extract or fractions or standard.
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