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The Kenya government needs to carefully consider the value of achieving universal health coverage through a contributory basis versus providing coverage for those working in the informal sector through tax funding.
Part of the reason for this change in policy was the recognition that attempting to extend coverage to those outside formal employment on a voluntary, contributory basis results in a substantial portion of the population remaining 'uncovered' (30% in 2001 in Thailand) [ 11].
Other suggestions included setting rates according to income levels in society, ensuring that the rich cross-subsidise the poor; the government should use taxes to fund the scheme and should it be on a contributory basis, the poorest population should be subsidised through tax funding.
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What the companies offer: Caring: 85% provide some form of private healthcare cover and the majority offer this on a non-contributory basis; 71% provide life cover.
In the UK we found only one clinical negligence case in which a successful defence was mounted on the basis of contributory negligence [ 36].
In total, 46 studies used a predefined contributory factor list as a basis for data collection.
At these meetings, all the preceding day's "breaches", i.e. patients waiting 4 h or longer in the department, were discussed on a case-by-case basis to identify underlying contributory themes.
Over half of the included studies made no reference to a theoretical basis driving the identification of contributory factors (n=48).
5 6 To date there is no evidence-based and standardised list of contributory factors that can be used as a basis for understanding causation.
We used non-parametric representations of curves, in the form of cubic B-spline basis functions, in order to represent these contributory features, such as thermodynamic and sequence features.
Therefore, if this type of reform were to be implemented, it would change the basis of the Spanish pension system from a contributory system (or Bismarckian) to a universal pension system (or Beveridgean).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com