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Fine roots (⩽2 mm in diameter) of tree species, traditionally regarded as homogenous entities, are expected to be major contributors of forest soil organic carbon (C), but their contributions need to be reevaluated given the heterogeneity in many root characteristics within fine-root architecture.
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Oil palm and rubber plantations were apparently the major contributors to forest fragmentation.
Given the slow decomposition rates and high annual litter inputs of lower-order roots of tree species, our findings suggest that lower-order roots should be important contributors to forest soil organic C.
More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a cash crop over the past century.
Low level chronic degradation occurs in a variety of forest types, and is quite possibly a much larger contributor to global carbon emissions than degradation by selective logging, as it occurs over much wider areas.
Heart disease is a major contributor to the global burden of mortality and morbidity [ 44], and understanding the influences of forest fire smoke on cardiovascular health is important for mitigating its public health impacts.
Public incomes from non-market products are the main contributors of total income in dehesas and forests.
Of Forest Hills, N.Y.
In a third patch of forest, Pvt.
Conversion of forest to non-forest.
Trade of forest products.
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